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India, with its vast and diverse landscape, stands as one of the most disaster-prone nations in the world. The country’s geographical and climatic diversity, while rich and varied, also exposes it to a multitude of natural hazards. According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), over 58.6% of India’s land area is vulnerable to earthquakes of varying intensities. This includes some of the most densely populated and economically vital regions of the country.
Additionally, more than 12% of India’s land is at risk of floods, a recurrent challenge that affects millions of people every year, disrupting lives, damaging infrastructure, and straining resources. The country’s extensive coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers, is another area of concern. Nearly 5,700 kilometers of this coastline is vulnerable to the devastating impacts of cyclones and tsunamis.
Coastal communities, often reliant on fishing and agriculture, face the dual threat of losing their homes and livelihoods. Furthermore, around 60% of India’s cultivable land is susceptible to drought, which poses a significant threat to the agrarian economy and food security. Droughts not only diminish agricultural yields but also lead to water scarcity, impacting the overall well-being of affected populations.
The risks associated with these natural disasters are compounded by several human-induced factors. Rapid urbanization, while driving economic growth, has led to the development of unplanned and densely populated urban areas, often in high-risk zones. These areas lack the necessary infrastructure to withstand disasters, making them highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of natural calamities. The socio-economic disparities prevalent in India further exacerbate the situation. Poorer communities, lacking the resources to build resilient homes or access early warning systems, often bear the brunt of disasters, with limited means to recover.